Creation and diagnosis of a solid-density plasma with an X-ray free-electron laser

被引：419

作者：

Vinko, S. M. ^{[1
]}

Ciricosta, O. ^{[1
]}

Cho, B. I. ^{[2
]}

Engelhorn, K. ^{[2
]}

Chung, H-K ^{[3
]}

Brown, C. R. D. ^{[4
]}

Burian, T. ^{[5
]}

Chalupsky, J. ^{[5
]}

Falcone, R. W. ^{[2
,6
]}

Graves, C. ^{[7
]}

Hajkova, V. ^{[5
]}

Higginbotham, A. ^{[1
]}

Juha, L. ^{[5
]}

Krzywinski, J. ^{[7
]}

Lee, H. J. ^{[7
]}

Messerschmidt, M. ^{[7
]}

Murphy, C. D. ^{[1
]}

Ping, Y. ^{[8
]}

Scherz, A. ^{[7
]}

Schlotter, W. ^{[7
]}

Toleikis, S. ^{[9
]}

Turner, J. J. ^{[7
]}

Vysin, L. ^{[5
]}

Wang, T. ^{[7
]}

Wu, B. ^{[7
]}

Zastrau, U. ^{[10
]}

Zhu, D. ^{[7
]}

Lee, R. W. ^{[7
]}

Heimann, P. A. ^{[2
]}

Nagler, B. ^{[7
]}

Wark, J. S. ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England

[2] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[3] IAEA, Nucl Data Sect, Atom & Mol Data Unit, A-1400 Vienna, Austria

[4] AWE Aldermaston, Dept Plasma Phys, Reading RG7 4PR, Berks, England

[5] Inst Phys ASCR, Prague 18221 8, Czech Republic

[6] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[7] SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA

[8] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA

[9] Deutsch Elektronensynchrotron DESY, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany

[10] Univ Jena, IOQ, D-07743 Jena, Germany

来源：

NATURE | 2012年 / 482卷 / 7383期

基金：

英国工程与自然科学研究理事会;

关键词：

FLUORESCENCE YIELDS; TARGET; ALUMINUM; PULSES; AUGER; GAIN;

D O I：

10.1038/nature10746

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Matter with a high energy density (>10(5) joules per cm(3)) is prevalent throughout the Universe, being present in all types of stars(1) and towards the centre of the giant planets(2,3); it is also relevant for inertial confinement fusion(4). Its thermodynamic and transport properties are challenging to measure, requiring the creation of sufficiently long-lived samples at homogeneous temperatures and densities(5,6). With the advent of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray laser(7), high-intensity radiation (>10(17) watts per cm(2), previously the domain of optical lasers) can be produced at X-ray wavelengths. The interaction of single atoms with such intense X-rays has recently been investigated(8). An understanding of the contrasting case of intense X-ray interaction with dense systems is important from a fundamental viewpoint and for applications. Here we report the experimental creation of a solid-density plasma at temperatures in excess of 10(6) kelvin on inertial-confinement time-scales using an X-ray free-electron laser. We discuss the pertinent physics of the intense X-ray-matter interactions, and illustrate the importance of electron-ion collisions. Detailed simulations of the interaction process conducted with a radiative-collisional code show good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. We obtain insights into the evolution of the charge state distribution of the system, the electron density and temperature, and the time-scales of collisional processes. Our results should inform future high-intensity X-ray experiments involving dense samples, such as X-ray diffractive imaging of biological systems, material science investigations, and the study of matter in extreme conditions.

引用

页码：59 / U75

页数：5

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