Numerical study on thermal efficiencies in mono, hybrid and tri-nano Sutterby fluids

The impact of mono and hybrid nanoparticles on thermal enhancement in the fluid has been much focused on and discussed. However, tri-nanoparticles are considered a little. Therefore, Sutterby fluid is considered as base fluid and thermal improvement in this fluid is via the use of tri-nanoparticles analyzed. The comparative analysis helps to study the improvement in thermal enhancement in such fluids. The finite element approach (FEM) is used for numerical solutions. The quantities of engineering interest are investigated against the parameters. Thermal memory effects in mono nanofluids are stronger than in hybrid and tri-nanofluids. However, thermal memory effects in hybrid nanofluids have moderate values. Momentum diffuses in mono nanofluids faster than that in hybrid and tri-nanofluids. Comparative analysis for the wall shear stress exerted by tri-nanofluid is more than that exerted by mono and hybrid nanofluids. Higher wall heat flux in tri-nanofluids relative to wall heat flux in fluids with CuO and Al2O3 or CuO is noted. Thus, an optimized heat transfer by the tri-nanofluid is noted and tri-nanofluid is recommended for maximum heat transfer.