Problems with the use of terracotta clay saucers as phosphorus-diffusing substrata to assess nutrient limitation of epilithic algae

1. We examined the diffusion properties of terracotta clay saucers, of types often used as components in phosphorus-diffusing substrata for investigating nutrient limitation of epilithic algae. 2. Laboratory experiments showed that phosphorus diffusion was low and inconsistent (0.06-2.6 mg P day(-1)) through clay saucers filled with agar containing orthophosphate. Similarly, in situ release of phosphorus from two types of terracotta clay saucers (Australian and Italian) was variable (2-8 mg P day(-1); 5-25%) under three flow regimes (0, 0.1 and 0.3 m s(-1)) over 30 days, with most phosphorus being released during the first day. Clogging of pores by agar appears to prevent the diffusion of phosphorus through the terracotta clay saucers. However, the two types of terracotta clay saucer also irreversibly sorbed large quantities of phosphorus (40-140 mg P). 3. Individual saucers can have markedly different physical and chemical properties both within and among terracotta types. Terracotta saucers also contain large quantities of iron, calcium and aluminium that are known binding agents for phosphorus. Variability in saucer composition and diffusion properties makes treatments difficult to replicate and weakens comparisons between studies that have used terracotta with different clay composition and manufacture. 4. We recommend that phosphorus-diffusing substrata should not be constructed from terracotta clay components.