Association of aging and tooth loss with masseter muscle characteristics: an ultrasonographic study

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the relationship between aging and tooth loss on masseter muscle quantity and quality. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 112 participants (in their 20s to 90s) who were independent in activities of daily living and were able to follow verbal commands. Exclusion criteria comprised participants with a lack of molar occlusal support, diseases that could affect muscle function, or temporomandibular disorder. Age, tooth loss, and weight were documented, and masseter muscle thickness (MMT) and masseter muscle echo intensity (MMEI) were measured using an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between MMT, MMEI, aging, and tooth loss, among each sex. The significance level in the statistical analysis was p < 0.05. Results In males, aging was a significant explanatory variable for MMT (adjusted R-2 = 0.27), while both aging and weight were significantly associated with MMEI (adjusted R-2 = 0.54). In females, tooth loss and aging were significant explanatory variables for MMT (adjusted R-2 = 0.36) and MMEI (adjusted R-2 = 0.5), respectively. In both men and women, MMT and MMEI were highly correlated. Conclusions Masseter muscles in males were more likely to be attenuated by aging than in females. The main attenuation factors were observed to differ between MMT and MMEI in women.