Obesity Surgery and the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases

Background: 3.9% of men and 5.2% of women in Germany suffer from second-degree obesity (body mass index [BMI] >= 35 to < 40 kg/m(2)), and 6.5 million persons suffer from diabetes. Obesity surgery has become established as a further treatment option alongside lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy. Methods: The guideline was created by a multidisciplinary panel of experts on the basis of publications retrieved by a systematic literature search. It was subjected to a formal consensus process and tested in public consultation. Results: The therapeutic aims of surgery for obesity and/or metabolic disease are to improve the quality of life and to prolong life by countering the life-shortening effect of obesity and its comorbidities. These interventions are superior to conservative treatments and are indicated when optimal non-surgical multimodal treatment has been tried without benefit, in patients with BMI >= 40 kg/m(2), or else in patients with BMI >= 35 kg/m(2) who also have one or more of the accompanying illnesses that are associated with obesity. A primary indication without any prior trial of conservative treatment exists if the patient has a BMI >= 50 kg/m(2), if conservative treatment is considered unlikely to help, or if especially severe comorbidities and sequelae of obesity are present that make any delay of surgical treatment inadvisable. Metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes is indicated (with varying recommendation grades) for patients with BMI >= 30 kg/m(2), and as a primary indication for patients with BMI >= 40 kg/m(2). The currently established standard operations are gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, proximal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, omega-loop gastric bypass, and biliopancreatic diversion. Conclusion: No single standard technique can be recommended in all cases. In the presence of an appropriate indication, the various surgical treatment options for obesity and/or metabolic disease should be discussed with the patient.