An association between vascular endothelial growth factor gene promoter polymorphisms and diabetic retinopathy

Background Diabetic retinopathy is a highly prevalent cause of visual loss in Western countries. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor implicated in the development of the proliferative stage of this disease. Reports have suggested that polymorphisms at positions-460 and -634 of the 5' untranslated region of the VEGF gene increase its basal promoter activity. Methods To investigate whether polymorphisms are associated with diabetic retinopathy, 215 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled. Among them, 82 subjects had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 72 had non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 61 individuals without retinopathy served as controls. Two polymorphisms of the VEGF gene, a G -> C transversion at-634 (the G/C polymorphism) and a C -> T transition at-460 (the C/T polymorphism), were investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR and allele-specific PCR respectively. Results We did not find any association between the C/T polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy. However, the G/C polymorphism genotype distribution and the frequency of the C allele were significantly higher in the NPDR group than in control patients (OR=1.69, 95% CI=1.03-2.79). Analysis of the distribution of combined genotypes of the VEGF gene revealed the prevalence of the C/C-C/C genotype in NPDR patients (OR=8.26, 95% CI=1.79-37.99) and C/G-CC in PDR patients (OR=3.36, 95% CI=1.39-8.12). Conclusions Occurrence of the -634C allele appears to be associated with increased VEGF gene promoter activity, and the G/C polymorphism might serve as a predictive factor for the development of diabetic retinopathy.