Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxic Analysis of Novel Hederagenin-Pyrazine Derivatives Based on Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis

Hederagenin (He) is a novel triterpene template for the development of new antitumor compounds. In this study, 26 new He-pyrazine derivatives were synthetized in an attempt to develop potent antitumor agents; they were screened for in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor and non-tumor cell lines. The majority of these derivatives showed much stronger cytotoxic activity than He. Remarkably, the most potent was compound 9 (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 3.45 +/- 0.59 M), which exhibited similar antitumor activities against A549 (human non-small-cell lung cancer) as the positive drug cisplatin (DDP; IC50 was 3.85 +/- 0.63 M), while it showed lower cytotoxicity on H9c2 (murine heart myoblast; IC50 was 16.69 +/- 0.12 M) cell lines. Compound 9 could induce the early apoptosis and evoke cell-cycle arrest at the synthesis (S) phase of A549 cells. Impressively, we innovatively introduced the method of cluster analysis modeled as partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) into the structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluation, and SAR confirmed that pyrazine had a profound effect on the antitumor activity of He. The present studies highlight the importance of pyrazine derivatives of He in the discovery and development of novel antitumor agents.