High prevalence of humoral autoimmunity in first-degree relatives of Mexican type 1 diabetes patients

AimsTo assess the prevalence of autoantibodies (Aab) to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA) and insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2A), as well as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles, in first degree relatives (FDR) of Mexican patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and to explore whether these parameters mirror the low incidence of T1D in the Mexican population.MethodsAab titers were determined by ELISA in 425 FDR, 234 siblings, 40 offspring and 151 parents of 197 patients with T1D. Typing of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles was performed in 41 Aab-positive FDR using polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific oligotyping.ResultsSeventy FDR (16.47%) tested positive for Aab. The siblings (19.2%) and the offspring (25%) had significantly higher prevalence of Aab than the parents (9.9%). GADA was the most frequent Aab. Almost half of the Aab-positive FDR had two different Aab (45.7%), and none tested positive for three Aab. The highest prevalence of Aab was found among women in the 15-29years age group. Moreover, the positivity for two Aab was significantly more frequent among females. A considerable number of FDR (48.8%) carried the susceptible HLA-DR3, -DR4, -DQB1*0201 or -DQB1*0302 alleles, but almost none had the high risk genotype HLA-DR3/DR4.ConclusionsFDR of Mexican T1D patients have high prevalence of islet Aab, comparable to countries with the highest incidence of T1D. However, Aab positivity does not seem to be associated with HLA risk genotypes, which may have an impact on the low incidence of T1D in Mexico.