The trail of votes in Ukraine's 1998, 1999, and 2002 elections

Despite allegations of fraud and elite manipulation, voting in Russia since 1993, including its Duma and presidential elections, follows a largely consistent and understandable pattern. The question is whether the same can be said of Ukraine, which has been the target of many of the same allegations of electoral manipulation. Using an analysis based on official data aggregated up to the level of individual rayons, two political scientists investigate whether a similarly consistent pattern emerges in Ukraine between the parliamentary elections of 1998 and 2002,including the Ukrainian presidential election of 1999.