Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction and Modi fi ed Lemaire Lateral Extra -Articular Tenodesis Similarly Improve Knee Stability After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study

Purpose: To determine the stabilizing role of anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ALLR) and modified Lemaire lateral extra -articular tenodesis (LET) performed in combination with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and to determine whether either procedure was superior to the other. Methods: Six nonpaired, human, fresh -frozen cadaveric knees were tested with a 6- df robotic system. Internal rotation and anterior translation of the knee were recorded from 0 degrees to 90 degrees of flexion after application of a 5-Nm internal rotation torque and a 134-N anterior load, respectively. A full kinematic assessment was performed in each of the following conditions: (1) intact knee, (2) after sectioning of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), (3) after sectioning of the ACL and anterolateral ligament, (4) after isolated ACLR, and (5) after combined ACLR and Lemaire LET and combined ACLR and ALLR. ALLR was performed using the gracilis tendon, whereas the modified Lemaire procedure was performed using the central strip of the iliotibial band. The different states were compared using a Tukey paired comparison test. Results: In knees with combined deficiency of the ACL and anterolateral structures, anterior translation and internal rotation remained significantly increased after isolated ACLR compared with the intact knee (+2.33 +/- 1.44 mm and +1.98 degrees +/- 1.06 degrees, respectively; P < .01). On the other hand, the addition of ALLR or modified Lemaire LET to ACLR restored anterior translation and internal rotation to values similar to those in the intact knee. The 2 anterolateral procedures did not show statistically significantly different values for both tests. This difference was 0.67 +/- 1.46 mm for anterior translation (P = .79) and 0.11 degrees +/- 1.11 degrees for internal rotation (P = .99). Conclusions: In knees with ACL and anterolateral deficiency, combined ACLR and anterolateral recon- struction restored the native knee stability in anterior translation and internal rotation contrary to isolated ACLR. In addition, both types of extra -articular reconstruction-ALLR and modified Lemaire LET -were similar in terms of restoring knee kinematics, and neither overconstrained the knee. Clinical Relevance: In knees with deficiency of the ACL and anterolateral structures, combined ACLR and anterolateral reconstruction increased knee stability at time zero after surgery. This biomechanical improvement could be responsible for the protective effect on ACL graft and meniscal repair reported in the literature after the combined procedure.