An experimental simulation study of conventional waste burning practices in India for the assessment and inventorisation of PCDD/F/dl-PCB emissions

The paper reports an update to the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) annual emission inventory of India from open burning of municipal solid wastes (MSW) through the generation of nation-specific emission factors for air (EFair) and burned residue (EFland) vectors. The MSW characteristics and modes of disposal practiced in Indian cities exhibits subtle variations from that of developed nations due to differences in food habits, living standards and climatic conditions. The annual emission calculations based on EFs from hitherto studies simulating conditions prevailing in developed countries can lead to anomalous accounting of emission levels. It is the first experimental study reported from Indian subcontinent to determine EFs of dioxins and dl-PCBs from MSW open burning by simulated combustion experiments conducted in a custom fabricated Open Burning Test Facility (OBTF) - "Burn Hut", using real dumpsite waste samples. Iso-kinetic sampling and coning and quartering methods were employed for the sampling of air and land emissions from combustion experiments. The PCDD/F's EFair ranged from 3 to 675 mu g toxicity equivalence (TEQ)/ton of waste with a geometric mean (GM(air)) of 67.0 mu gTEQ/ton and EFland ranged from 10 to 2531 mu gTEQ/ton waste (GM(land) - 100.0 mu gTEQ/ton). The EFair and EFland of dl-PCBs ranged from 0.5 to 46 mu gTEQ/ton (GM(air) 7.0 mu gTEQ/ton) and 0.5 to 96 mu gTEQ/ton of waste (GM(land) 6.0 mu gTEQ/ton) respectively. A detailed assessment of correlations between emission and MSW composition/combustion practices were conducted along with a comparative evaluation of EFpresent vis-a-vis EFs reported elsewhere.