Cost-effectiveness analysis of pharmacist interventions in patients with heart failure in Thailand

Introduction: Patients with heart failure (HF) are likely to have multiple diseases with complex therapy regimens. Pharmacist intervention in HF treatment can reduce all-cause mortality and hospitalization, but the economic outcome is not known. Objective: This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of pharmacist contribution in HF setting compared with usual care. Methods: A decision analytical model was developed to estimate the cost and outcome from a health care system perspective in Thailand. Clinical inputs were obtained from literature review. Pharmacist costs, hospitalization cost for HF, risk of hospitalization death, risk of nonhospitalization death, and readmission rate were based on data from Thailand. The cost and outcome were discounted at 3% annually. Outcome measures: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated and presented for the year 2020. A series of sensitivity analysis was also performed. Results: Pharmacist intervention incurred higher total costs than usual care, because total cost of pharmacists was 186,040 THB (5936 USD) whereas usual care cost was 151,654 THB (4839 USD). It also provided more quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) than usual care, from 2.4 to 2.8. In addition, patient life years (LY) were increasing from 3.3-3.8. This yielded an ICER of 77,398 THB/LY (2467 USD/LY) or 103,037 THB/QALYs (3288 USD/QALYs). This ICER is considered to be cost-effective at the willingness-to-pay level of 160,000 THB/QALY (5191.87 USD). Conclusion: At this current situation in Thailand, pharmacists may represent good value for the nation's limited health care resources. The information should be used in national policies to plan for pharmacist work force implementation and production line in the near future. (C) 2022 American Pharmacists Association (R). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.