Building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPVT) systems: Applications and challenges

A key medium for energy generation globally is the solar energy. The present work evaluates the challenges of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPVT) required for various applications from techno-economic and environmental points of view. Many challenges are found for applying solar photovoltaics (PVs) modules combined with building systems: supplying hot and cold water and ventilation for the residential and non-residential building. Moreover, efforts and advances achieved in enhancing the BIPVT thermal and electrical performance are explored. Additionally, the review provides further insight into recognizing the fundamental science of the BIPVT systems, explaining its rapid developments and the thermal performance mechanisms. The BIPVT systems designed for rooftops, windows, and facades are specifically highlighted in the present review. Furthermore, the status of PV modules and BIPVT system, benefits, applications, barriers and challenges, and future prospects are discussed. The BIPVT systems require governmental support and a more economically convenient and efficient tariff to maintain the economic feasibility of the system. The key factors impeding the commercialization of BIPVT systems are the implementation of the feed-in tariff, customers' perception, national economic support, technical aspects such as the performance, system management, and architectural and material considerations. Finally, this review indicates that further works concerned the BIPVT systems to enhance the technology and advancements are still required.