Cyclic tensile force stimulates BMP9 synthesis and in vitro mineralization by human periodontal ligament cells

Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are mechanosensitive and have the potential to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells under the influence of cyclic tensile force (CTF). CTF modulates the expression of regulatory proteins including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are essential for the homeostasis of the periodontium. Among the BMPs, BMP9 is one of the most potent osteogenic BMPs. It is yet unknown whether CTF affects the expression of BMP9 and mineralization. Here, we demonstrated that continuously applied CTF for only the first 6hr stimulated the synthesis of BMP9 and induced mineral deposition within 14 days by human PDL cells. Stimulation of BMP9 expression depended on ATP and P2Y (1) receptors. Apyrase, an ecto-ATPase, inhibited CTF-mediated ATP-induced BMP9 expression. The addition of ATP increased the expression of BMP9. Loss of function experiments using suramin (a broad-spectrum P2Y antagonist), MRS2179 (a specific P2Y (1) receptor antagonist), MRS 2365 (a specific P2Y (1) agonist), U-73122 (a phospholipase C [PLC] inhibitor), and thapsigargin (enhancer of intracytosolic calcium) revealed the participation of P2Y (1) in regulating the expression of BMP9. This was mediated by an increased level of intracellular Ca (2+) through the PLC pathway. A neutralizing anti-BMP9 antibody decreased mineral deposition, which was stimulated by CTF for almost 45% indicating a role of BMP9 in an in vitro mineralization. Collectively, our findings suggest an essential modulatory role of CTF in the homeostasis and regeneration of the periodontium.