Finding Paths Between 3-Colorings

Given a 3-colorable graph G together with two proper vertex 3-colorings alpha and beta of G, consider the following question: is it possible to transform alpha into beta by recoloring vertices of G one at a time, making sure that all intermediate colorings are proper 3-colorings? We prove that this question is answerable in polynomial time. We do so by characterizing the instances G, alpha, beta where the transformation is possible; the proof of this characterization is via an algorithm that either finds a sequence of recolorings between alpha and beta, or exhibits a structure which proves that no such sequence exists. In the case that a sequence of recolorings does exist, the algorithm uses O(vertical bar V(G)vertical bar(2)) recoloring steps and in many cases returns a shortest sequence of recolorings. We also exhibit a class of instances G, alpha, beta that require Omega(vertical bar V(G)vertical bar(2)) recoloring steps. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 67: 69-82, 2011