Docosahexaenoic Acid Ameliorates the Toll-Like Receptor 22-Triggered Inflammation in Fish by Disrupting Lipid Raft Formation

Background Although dietary DHA alleviates Toll-like receptor (TLR)-associated chronic inflammation in fish, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Objectives This study aimed to explore the role of Tlr22 in the innate immunity of large yellow croaker and investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of DHA on Tlr22-triggered inflammation. Methods Head kidney-derived macrophages of croaker and HEK293T cells were or were not pretreated with 100 mu M DHA for 10 h prior to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation. We executed qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and lipidomic analysis to examine the impact of DHA on Tlr22-triggered inflammation and membrane lipid composition. In vivo, croakers (12.03 +/- 0.05 g) were fed diets containing 0.2% [control (Ctrl)], 0.8%, and 1.6% DHA for 8 wk before injection with poly I:C. Inflammatory genes expression and rafts-related lipids and protein expression were measured in the head kidney. Data were analyzed by ANOVA or Student t test. Results The activation of Tlr22 by poly I:C induced inflammation, and DHA diminished Tlr22-targeted inflammatory gene expression by 56-73% (P <= 0.05). DHA reduced membrane sphingomyelin (SM) and SFA-containing phosphatidylcholine (SFA-PC) contents, as well as lipid raft marker caveolin 1 amounts. Furthermore, lipid raft disruption suppressed Tlr22-induced Nf-kappa b and interferon h activation and p65 nuclear translocation. In vivo, expression of Tlr22 target inflammatory genes was 32-64% lower in the 1.6% DHA group than in the Ctrl group upon poly I:C injection (P <= 0.05). Also, the 1.6% DHA group showed a reduction in membrane SM and SFA-PC contents, accompanied by a decrease in caveolin 1 amounts, compared with the Ctrl group. Conclusions The activation of Tlr22 signaling depends on lipid rafts, and DHA ameliorates the Tlr22-triggered inflammation in both head kidney and head kidney-derived macrophages of croaker partially by altering membrane SMs and SFA-PCs that are required for lipid raft organization.