Effect of rottlerin on astrocyte phenotype polarization after trimethyltin insult in the dentate gyrus of mice

Background: It has been demonstrated that reactive astrocytes can be polarized into pro-inflammatory A1 phenotype or anti-inflammatory A2 phenotype under neurotoxic and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia have been suggested to play a critical role in astrocyte phenotype polarization by releasing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. In this study, we examined whether trimethyltin (TMT) insult can induce astrocyte polarization in the dentate gyrus of mice, and whether protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) plays a role in TMT-induced astrocyte phenotype polarization. Methods: Male C57BL/6 N mice received TMT (2.6 mg/kg, i.p.), and temporal changes in the mRNA expression of A1 and A2 phenotype markers were evaluated in the hippocampus. In addition, temporal and spatial changes in the protein expression of C3, S100A10, Iba-1, and p-PKC delta were examined in the dentate gyrus. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p. x 5 at 12-h intervals) was administered 3-5 days after TMT treatment, and the expression of A1 and A2 transcripts, p-PKC delta, Iba-1, C3, S100A10, and C1q was evaluated 6 days after TMT treatment. Results: TMT treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of A1 and A2 phenotype markers, and the increased expression of A1 markers remained longer than that of A2 markers. The immunoreactivity of the representative A1 phenotype marker, C3 and A2 phenotype marker, S100A10 peaked 6 days after TMT insult in the dentate gyrus. While C3 was expressed evenly throughout the dentate gyrus, S100A10 was highly expressed in the hilus and inner molecular layer. In addition, TMT insult induced microglial p-PKC delta expression. Treatment with rottlerin, a PKC delta inhibitor, decreased Iba-1 and C3 expression, but did not affect S100A10 expression, suggesting that PKC delta inhibition attenuates microglial activation and A1 astrocyte phenotype polarization. Consistently, rottlerin significantly reduced the expression of C1q and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), which has been suggested to be released by activated microglia and induce A1 astrocyte polarization. Conclusion: We demonstrated the temporal and spatial profiles of astrocyte polarization after TMT insult in the dentate gyrus of mice. Taken together, our results suggest that PKC delta plays a role in inducing A1 astrocyte polarization by promoting microglial activation and consequently increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators after TMT insult.