Iron deficiency in healthy 18-month-old Danish children is associated with no oral iron supplementation in infancy and prolonged exclusive breast-feeding

Fe deficiency (ID) defined as plasma ferritin <12 mu g/l is associated with delayed cognitive development in early childhood and increased incidence of infections; however, the longitudinal association between early-life factors and ID in 18-month-old children in Denmark is unknown. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of ID and to describe risk factors associated with ID in healthy 18-month-old Danish children. Blood samples, anthropometric measurements and self-reported questionnaire data had been obtained in the birth cohort, Odense Child Cohort. The questionnaires were modified from those used in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Plasma ferritin and C-reactive protein in venous, non-fasting samples were analysed in the final sample size of 370 children after exclusion of seventy-nine children due to chronic disease, acute infection, C-reactive protein >10 mg/l, twin birth or prematurity. Associations with ID were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for sex, maternal education, duration of partial breast-feeding and current intake of milk, fish and meat. Overall, fifty-six children had ID (15 center dot 1 %). Factors associated with increased risk were exclusive breast-feeding beyond 4 months (OR 5 center dot 97; 95 % CI 1 center dot 63, 21 center dot 86) and no intake of oral Fe supplements from 6 to 12 months (OR 3 center dot 99, 95 % CI 1 center dot 33, 11 center dot 97. Duration of partial breast-feeding and current diet was not associated with ID. In conclusion, the ID prevalence was 15 center dot 1 %, and both exclusive breast-feeding beyond 4 months and no intake of oral Fe supplements from 6 to 12 months were associated with increased risk of ID in 18-month-old children.