Three-dimensional modeling of tidal circulation and mixing over the Java']Java Sea

A combination of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and in-situ measurements provides the structures of barotropic tides, tidal circulation and their relationship with turbulent mixing in the Java Sea, which allow us to understand the impact of the tides on material distribution. The model retains high horizontal and vertical resolutions and is forced by the boundary conditions taken from a global model. The measurements are composed of the sea level at coastal stations and currents at moorings embedded in Seawatch buoys, in addition to hydrographic data. The simulated tidal elevations are in good agreement with the data for the K-1 and M-2 constituents. The K-1 tide clearly shows the lowest mode resonance in the Java Sea with intensification around the nodal point in the central region. The M-2 tide is secondary and propagates westward from the eastern open boundary, along with a counterclockwise amphidromic point in the western part. The K-1 tide produces a major component of tidal energy, which flows westward and dissipates through the node region near the Karimata Strait. Meanwhile, the M-2 tide dissipates in the entire Java Sea. However, the residual currents are mainly induced by the M-2 tide, which flows westward following the M-2 tidal wave propagation. The tidal mixing is mainly caused by K-1 tide which peaks at the central region and is consistent with the uniform temperature and salinity along the vertical dimension. This mixing is expected to play an important role in the vertical exchange of nutrients and control of biological productivity.