This paper describes a long-term, paired-catchment study, its broad findings, and considerations for future resource management of brigalow lands in north- eastern Australia. The Brigalow Catchment Study (BCS) commenced in 1965 with a pre-clearing calibration phase of 17 years to de. ne the hydrology of 3 adjoining catchments (12-17 ha). After 2 catchments were cleared in 1982, 3 land uses (brigalow forest Acacia harpophylla, cropping, and grazed pasture) were monitored for water balance, resource condition and productivity, providing information for scientic understanding and resource management of the major land uses of the brigalow bioregion. In addition, this paper draws upon several project reviews to highlight the value of the BCS as an 'outdoor laboratory', its data resource, and to reflect on the study's scientic rigor to support present and future value. An assessment of the BCS against national and international attributes of best practice for long-term studies showed the study to rate highly in aspects of design, implementation, monitoring, and data management, and moderately in formal publication, strategic management, and networking. The literature shows that Brigalow Catchment Study is the longest paired-catchment study in Australia, and continues to sample the interactions between climate, soils, water, land use, and management. Finally, this paper provides the context for component-specific papers on changes in hydrology, productivity, and salt balance. Results from the study to date include: a doubling of runoff after clearing, a reduction in wheat yield by more than 60% over 20 years, a halving of pasture availability 3 years after clearing, a decline in cattle liveweight gain of 4 kg/ha. year over an 8-year period with a constant stocking rate, and the leaching of 60% of the root-zone (0-1.5 m) chloride after clearing for cropping. Unanticipated applications of the data from the study include: (i) a crucial set of soil samples for calibration of the RothC soil carbon model used to estimate Australia's soil carbon emissions; and (ii) estimates of deep drainage as a basis for salinity risk assessment in the region.
