Inheritance of Yield Components and Morphological Traits in Avocado cv. Hass From "Criollo" "Elite Trees" via Half-Sib Seedling Rootstocks

Grafting induces precocity and maintains clonal integrity in fruit tree crops. However, the complex rootstock x scion interaction often precludes understanding how the tree phenotype is shaped, limiting the potential to select optimum rootstocks. Therefore, it is necessary to assess (1) how seedling progenies inherit trait variation from elite `plus trees', and (2) whether such family superiority may be transferred after grafting to the clonal scion. To bridge this gap, we quantified additive genetic parameters (i.e., narrow sense heritability-h2, and genetic-estimated breeding values-GEBVs) across landraces, "criollo", "plus trees" of the super-food fruit tree crop avocado (Persea americana Mill.), and their open-pollinated (OP) half-sib seedling families. Specifically, we used a genomic best linear unbiased prediction (G-BLUP) model to merge phenotypic characterization of 17 morpho-agronomic traits with genetic screening of 13 highly polymorphic SSR markers in a diverse panel of 104 avocado "criollo" "plus trees." Estimated additive genetic parameters were validated at a 5-year-old common garden trial (i.e., provenance test), in which 22 OP half-sib seedlings from 82 elite "plus trees" served as rootstocks for the cv. Hass clone. Heritability (h(2)) scores in the "criollo" "plus trees" ranged from 0.28 to 0.51. The highest h2 values were observed for ribbed petiole and adaxial veins with 0.47 (CI 95%0.2-0.8) and 0.51 (CI 0.2-0.8), respectively. The h(2) scores for the agronomic traits ranged from 0.34 (CI 0.2-0.6) to 0.39 (CI 0.2-0.6) for seed weight, fruit weight, and total volume, respectively. When inspecting yield variation across 5-year-old grafted avocado cv. Hass trees with elite OP half-sib seedling rootstocks, the traits total number of fruits and fruits' weight, respectively, exhibited h(2) scores of 0.36 ( +/- 0.23) and 0.11 ( +/- 0.09). Our results indicate that elite "criollo" "plus trees" may serve as promissory donors of seedling rootstocks for avocado cv. Hass orchards due to the inheritance of their outstanding trait values. This reinforces the feasibility to leverage natural variation from "plus trees" via OP half-sib seedling rootstock families. By jointly estimating half-sib family effects and rootstock-mediated heritability, this study promises boosting seedling rootstock breeding programs, while better discerning the consequences of grafting in fruit tree crops.