Grain yield and kernel weight of two maize genotypes differing in nitrogen use efficiency at various levels of nitrogen and carbohydrate availability during flowering and grain filling

Grain yield per plant (GYP) and mean kernel weight (KW) of maize (Zea mays L.) are sensitive to changes in the environment during the lag phase of kernel growth (the time after pollination in which the potential kernel size is determined), and during the phase of linear kernel growth. The aim of this study was to assess genotypic differences in the response to environmental stresses associated with N and/or carbohydrate shortage at different phases during plant development. The rate and timing of N and carbohydrate supply were modified by application of fertilizer, shading, and varying the plant density at sowing, at silking or at 14 d after silking. The effects of these treatments on the photosynthetic capacity, grain yield and mean kernel weight were investigated in two hybrids differing in N use efficiency. The total above-ground biomass and grain yield per plant of the efficient hybrid responded little to altered environmental conditions such as suboptimal N supply, enhanced inter-plant competition, and shading for 14 d during flowering, when compared to the less efficient genotype. We conclude that grain yields in the efficient genotype are less sensitive not only to N stress, but also to carbohydrate shortage before grain filling. Shading of N deficient plants from 14 d after silking to maturity did not significantly reduce grain yield in the non-efficient genotype, indicating complete sink limitation of grain yield during grain filling. In the efficient genotype, in contrast, grain yield of N-deficient plants was significantly reduced by shading during grain filling. The rate of photosynthesis declined with decreasing foliar N content. No genotypic differences in photosynthesis were observed at high or low foliar N contents. However, at high plant density and low N supply, the leaf chlorophyll content after flowering in the efficient genotype was higher than that in the non-efficient genotype. Obviously, the higher source capacity of the efficient genotype was not due to higher photosynthetic N use efficiency but due to maintenance of high chlorophyll contents under stressful conditions. In the efficient genotype, the harvest index was not significantly affected by N fertilization, plant density, or shading before the grain filling period. In contrast, in the non-efficient genotype the harvest index was diminished by N deficiency and shading during flowering. We conclude that the high yielding ability of the efficient genotype under stressful conditions was associated with formation of a high sink capacity of the grains under conditions of low carbohydrate and N availability during flowering and with maintenance of high source strength during grain filling under conditions of high plant density and low N availability.