A new indexing approach for evaluating heavy metal contamination in groundwater

Three indexing methods, namely heavy metal pollution index (HPI), contamination index (C-d) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), are commonly used for heavy metal evaluation in groundwater. These methods have several limitations. In HPI, 14 out of 15 groundwater samples collected in the study area of Nalagarh valley, Himachal Pradesh, India qualify for drinking purposes with their values varying between 10.73 and 107.50 (critical limit = 100), while in C-d, the same number of samples (>90%) are rejected as their values (C-d = 1.31-37.87) exceed the critical limit of 3. HEI varies from 10.31 to 46.87 with a mean of 26.06, but since it does not have a defined critical limit, quality assessment depends on worker's discretion. It thus becomes very confusing as to which indexing method to use. To overcome this dilemma, a very simple indexing method called 'heavy metal contamination index (HCl)' has been developed on the basis of assigning weight to each heavy metal parameter. A new classification system with six distinct water classes of different uses too has been proposed considering the regulatory limits, human health risk and toxicity of the violator parameters. Regression analysis confirms that HCl has larger number of significantly correlated key parameters compared to the other three indices. Chemometric techniques confirm that Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn are derived from lithogenic inputs and As, Cd, Ni and Pb from anthropogenic sources. HCl when integrated with Cluster Analysis gives the best possible results in identifying factors that influence the various water classes. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.