Rho resonance, timelike pion form factor, and implications for lattice studies of the hadronic vacuum polarization

We study isospin-1 P-wave pi pi scattering in lattice QCD with two flavors of O(a) improved Wilson fermions. For pion masses ranging from m(pi) = 265 MeV to m(pi) = 437 MeV, we determine the energy spectrum in the center-of-mass frame and in three moving frames. We obtain the scattering phase shifts using Liischer's finite-volume quantization condition. Fitting the dependence of the phase shifts on the scattering momentum to a Breit-Wigner form allows us to determine the corresponding rho mass m(rho) and g(rho pi pi) coupling. By combining the scattering phase shifts with the decay matrix element of the vector current, we calculate the timelike pion form factor, F-pi, and compare the results to the Gounaris-Sakurai representation of the form factor in terms of the resonance parameters. In addition, we fit our data for the form factor to the functional form suggested by the Omnes representation, which allows for the extraction of the charge radius of the pion. As a further application, we discuss the long-distance behavior of the vector correlator, which is dominated by the two-pion channel. We reconstruct the long-distance part in two ways: one based on the finite-volume energies and matrix elements, and the other based on F-pi. It is shown that this part can be accurately constrained using the reconstructions, which has important consequences for lattice calculations of the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment.