Techno-economic and environmental assessments for sustainable bio-methanol production as landfill gas valorization

With the regular increase in global solid waste, landfilling is intensively used for waste disposal. However, landfill gas (LFG) produced as a byproduct during waste decomposition in the landfills is a serious problem since it leads to damage to the eco-systems. Accordingly, it has been highlighted to convert LFG into other value-added chemicals. In this study, LFG utilization was studied in terms of conversion into methanol (MeOH) by considering different scenarios of LFG utilization. Techno-economic analysis and environmental assessment were performed to identify the economic feasibility and environmental impact of each case. From the economic analysis, bio-MeOH production costs of 879.16, 724.52, and 1,130.74 $ ton-1 for case 1, 2, and 3 was estimated with the economic infeasibility, while substantial cost reduction through projected cost analysis can lead to economic competitiveness (449.52 $ ton(-1) for case 2 and 595.76 $ ton-1 for case 3). In sequence, the quantitative envi-ronmental impacts in terms of climate change impact were 2.360, 0.835, and 0.605 kg CO2-eq kg MeOH-1 for cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Based on the results of two analyses, a multi-criteria decision analysis was conducted to investigate the acceptable case of bio-MeOH production in the economic and environmental as-pects. It can be concluded that the most feasible case depends on decision-makers if only economic and envi-ronmental criteria were considered. Therefore, dry reforming and membrane separation of LFG have considerable potential for bio-MeOH production in terms of LFG utilization for high weighting of economic and environmental aspects, respectively.