Ribavirin polarizes human T cell responses towards a Type 1 cytokine profile

Background/Aims: The therapeutic benefit of ribavirin, a nucleoside analog, in the treatment of chronic HCV infection is seen even in the absence of any apparent direct antiviral effect. We surmised that ribavirin may act by eliciting altered virus-specific immune responses. Because antiviral immunity is predominantly mediated by cytotoxic T cells and antiviral cytokines, we sought to determine whether ribavirin could promote antiviral (Type 1) cytokine expression in human T cells. Methods: Isolated human T cells were activated in vitro with enterotoxin B or with phorbol ester plus ionomycin, Cytokine ELISAs were performed on culture supernatants, cytokine mRNA was detected following RT-polymerase chain reaction of T cell RNA, and T cell proliferation measured using MTT assay. Results: Ribavirin enhanced a Type 1 (IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF alpha) while suppressing a Type 2 cytokine response (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10), at the level of both protein and mRNA expression. Ribavirin mediated comparable effects on cytokine expression both following activation of specific T cell subpopulations with superantigen and following activation of a larger percentage of T cells via pharmacologic means. The in vitro effect on cytokine expression following ribavirin treatment was comparable in both CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell subsets and was observed in a dose range that promoted T cell proliferation. Conclusions: These data support the view that ribavirin promotes a Type 1 cytokine-mediated immune response, a property which may account in part for its ability to enhance the antiviral activity of interferon-alpha in the treatment of chronic HCV infection.