The cultural foundations of denials of hate speech in Hungarian broadcast talk

In Hungarian public talk, 'hate speech' (gyu. lletbeszed) is a term commonly used to morally sanction the talk of others. The article describes two dominant interpretive strategies Hungarian speakers use to identify instances of 'hate speech'. Motivated by an interest in the observable use of the term, the author draws on speech codes theory to investigate how public speakers use the two competing meanings of 'hate speech' to achieve moral challenges and counter-challenges in broadcast talk. The author finds that Hungarian speakers accused of 'hate speech' can effectively accomplish denials in response to actual or anticipated normative challenges by opting for an alternative meaning of 'hate speech'. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for speech codes theory, the discourse analysis of denials, and antiracist action.