Government Employees' Experience and Expectation of COVID-19 Hardships: The Moderating Role of Gender and Race in the United States

This article examines government employees' experience and expectation of socioeconomic hardships during the COVID-19 pandemic-employment income loss, housing instability, and food insufficiency-by focusing on the role of gender and race. Employing the Household Pulse Survey, a nationally representative and near real-time pandemic data deployed by the U.S. Census Bureau, we find that government employees were less affected by the pandemic than non-government employees across socioeconomic hardships. However, female and racial minorities, when investigated within government employees, have a worse experience and expectation of pandemic hardships than men and non-Hispanic Whites. Our findings suggest a clear gender gap and racial disparities in the experience and expectation of pandemic hardships.