Disease activity and damage in hospitalized lupus patients: a Sabah perspective

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-systemic autoimmune disease with variable levels of activity that may wax and wane within the same patient over the years. In view of the scarcity of data about lupus in the East Malaysian population, we aimed to study the disease activity and damage index in patients with SLE hospitalized in a tertiary center in Sabah, East Malaysia. Methods We retrospectively studied all patients with SLE admitted from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015. Demographic data, clinical features, treatment received, SLEDAI and SLICC/ACR (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology) criteria and outcomes were collected. Results There were 108 patients studied whereby 88.9% were females. They had a mean age of 31.4 +/- 11.02 years at admission and were multiethnic in origin. The mean number of ACR criteria for SLE was 5.03 +/- 1.5 at the time of diagnosis. There were 158 hospitalizations during the 3 years. The main causes of hospitalization were flare of SLE (66.5%), infection (57.6%), renal biopsy (15.5%) and others (11.4%). Active nephritis (65%), cutaneous (44.4%) and hematological involvement (40.2%) were the three commonest manifestations. There was concurrent flare of SLE and infection in 41.1% of the admissions. The mean SLEDAI score at admission was 10.8 +/- 7.20, with a mean SLEDAI of 9.3 +/- 6.9 in those without damage and 11.9 +/- 7.21 in those with damage (p-value = 0.026). The median SLICC score was 1 with a mean of 0.93 +/- 1.07. There were nine deaths (5.6%) during the study period and all patients were females. Compared with those who survived, they had a significantly higher SLEDAI score of 15.80 +/- 8.2 (p-value = 0.0207) and a SLICC score of 2.70 +/- 1.6 (p-value <0.001). Conclusion SLE is more common among the indigenous population of Sabah, the Kadazan-Dusun, which has not been shown before this study. Disease characteristics were, however, similar to reports from the Asia-Pacific region. Acute flare of SLE and infection remained the main causes of admission and readmissions and was present in 44.4% of the mortalities in our cohort.