Visible-NIR spectral characterization and grade inversion modelling study of the Derni copper deposit

At present, chemical analysis is the main method for copper ore grade verification. Because of its long test cycle and lag effect relative to mining and ore blending processes, this approach cannot effectively reduce losses in mineral resource mining. An effective way to solve this problem is to conduct research on in situ grade determination methods for ore bodies based on visible-near-infrared hyperspectral grade modelling techniques. However, the accuracy of the modelling is seriously reduced by the large redundancy of hyperspectral data and the self-limiting nature of some machine learning methods. Therefore, the accurate selection of dimensionality reduction algorithms and machine learning algorithms determines the accuracy of the inverse model, and the setting of parameters such as dimensionality reduction, number of nearest neighbour points and number of hidden layers in neural networks is crucial. In this paper, 190 ore samples were collected from the open pit of the Derni copper deposit in Dawu town, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, China. First, the visible-near-infrared spectral data for the sample set were obtained with an SVC HR-1024 spectrometer. The copper grade of the sample set was verified by chemical analysis. Three algorithms-the Laplacian eigenmap (LE), local tangent space alignment (LTSA) and local linear embedding (LLE)-were used to reduce the dimensionality of the original hyperspectral data. The original data and the three hyperspectral datasets after dimensionality reduction were used as data sources. Several Derni copper grade inversion models based on two machine learning algorithms, the backpropagation neural network and radial basis function (RBF) neural network, were developed. Finally, the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the accuracy of each model. The results show that the accuracy of the model built with spectral data processed by the dimension reduction algorithm is higher than that of the model constructed with the original spectral data. Among the above combined models, the LLE-RBF model has the highest inversion accuracy. The MAE of the model is 0.117%, the RMSE is 0.136, and R2 is 0.934.