Hemodynamics and Cerebral Oxygenation Following Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: The Effects of Converting From Positive Pressure Ventilation to Spontaneous Breathing

Purpose. Following corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), approximately one-third of these patients develop low cardiac output (CO) due to right ventricular (RV) diastolic heart failure. Extubation is beneficial in these patients because the fall in intrathoracic pressure that occurs with conversion from positive pressure breathing to spontaneous breathing improves venous return, RV filling and CO. We hypothesized that if CO were to increase but remain limited following extubation, the obligatory increase in perfusion to the respiratory pump that occurs with loading of the respiratory musculature may occur at the expense of other vital organs, including the brain. Materials and Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing repair of TOF and monitoring of cerebral oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy. We evaluated the following parameters two hours prior to and following extubation: mean and systolic arterial blood pressure (MBP, SBP), right atrial pressure (RAP), heart rate (HR) and cerebral oxygenation. Results. The study included 22 patients. With extubation, MBP and SBP increased significantly from 67.3 +/- 6.5 to 71.1 +/- 8.4 mm Hg (P = 0.004) and from 87.2 +/- 8.6 to 95.9 +/- 10.9 mm Hg (P = 0.001), respectively, while the HR remained unchanged (145 vs. 146 bpm). The RAP remained unchanged following extubation (11.9 vs. 12.0 mm Hg). Following extubation, cerebral oxygen saturations increased significantly from 68.5 +/- 8.4 to 74.2 +/- 7.9% (P < 0.0001). Cerebral oxygen saturations increased by >= 5% in 11 of 22 patients and by >= 10% in 5 of 22 patients. Conclusion. We conclude that converting from positive pressure ventilation to spontaneous negative pressure breathing following repair of TOF significantly improves arterial blood pressure and cerebral oxygenation.