Distribution and habitat suitability of Indonesian Hornbills

Information of habitat suitability and distribution of hornbill is useful for the conservation programs in Indonesia, however, the information availability is very limited. In order to fill the information gap, we have mapped the distribution and modeling of 13 hornbill habitat suitability in Indonesia based on presence data from the secondary. The obejectives of the study are to mapping of hornbill distribution and habitat suitability modelling in Indonesia. We used the present data for mapping hornbill distribution in Indonesia. Eight variables to build the model were namely height (bio_3), slope ( bio_4), NDVI (bio_5), distance from of the farmland (bio_7), distance from edge forest (bio_8), distance from of road (bio_9), distance from plantation (bio_10), and distance from developed area (bio_11). The data were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.5 and Maximum Entropy 3.4.1 software. Our results showed that the favorable habitat of hornbills was dense vegetation in the lowlands area. Meanwhile, the slope condition did not affect its distribution. Distribution of hornbills in Indonesia tends to be disturbed by human activities. Environmental variables that contributed significantly to the suitability habitat were normalized difference vegetation index (23.1%), distance from the edge forest (23.9%), and distance from the agricultural field (19.4%) with AUC 0.749 +/- 0.0245. Percentage of unsuitable habitat about 53.62% was higher than suitable habitat (46.38%). More detailed habitat classification showed that the medium and high habitat suitability classes were very limited (17.47%). We also found that the distribution of hornbills was more dominant in the unprotected areas (66.35%) compared to the protected areas (33.65%). The condition lead to the hornbill extinction, and therefore habitat conservation efforts are urgently needed.