Revisiting dose and intensity of training: Opportunities to enhance recovery following stroke

Purpose: Stroke is a global leading cause of adult disability with survivors often enduring persistent impairments and loss of function. Both intensity and dosage of training appear to be important factors to help restore behavior. However, current practice fails to achieve sufficient intensity and dose of training to promote meaningful recovery. The purpose of this review is to propose therapeutic solutions that can help achieve a higher dose and/or intensity of therapy. Raising awareness of these intensive, high-dose, treatment strategies might encourage clinicians to reevaluate current practice and optimize delivery of stroke rehabilitation for maximal recovery. Methods: Literature that tested and evaluated solutions to increase dose or intensity of training was reviewed. For each therapeutic strategy, we outline evidence of clinical benefit, supporting neurophysiological data (where available) and discuss feasibility of clinical implementation. Results: Possible therapeutic solutions included constraint induced movement therapy, robotics, circuit therapy, bursts of training, gaming technologies, goal-oriented instructions, and cardiovascular exercise. Conclusion: Our view is that clinicians should evaluate current practice to determine how intensive high-dose training can be implemented to promote greater recovery after stroke.(c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.