Brief communication: Improving ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost regions using an optimized multi-layer snow scheme

We previously reported a notable warm bias in ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost regions that was supposedly being caused by an underestimation of snow density. In this study, we implemented and evaluated a new multi-layer snow scheme in the land surface scheme of ERA5-Land, i.e., HTESSEL, with revised snow densification parameterizations. We compared permafrost soil temperatures from the numerical experiments with observations and the original ERA5-Land with a single-layer snow scheme. The revised HTESSEL significantly improved the representation of soil temperature in permafrost regions compared to ERA5-Land. The daily warm bias in winter was reduced by about 0.6-3.0 degrees C across the 522 observing stations in high-latitude permafrost regions, and the resulting modeled near-surface permafrost extent was improved (11.0-12.9 x 10(6) km(2) during 2001-2018), comparing reasonably with observed estimates for continuous and discontinuous permafrost areas. We therefore suggest that a better-resolved snow scheme with a multi-layer snow profile should be included in next-generation reanalyses as a first step towards improving the representation of permafrost.