Determinants of Low Body Mass Index in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Multicenter Case-Control Study

Background: In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, the factors related to weight loss remain unclear. Objective: To investigate determinants of low body mass index (BMI) in PD patients. Methods: We identified factors associated with low BMI in PD patients in a multicenter case-control study. A total of 435 PD patients and 401 controls were included. Results: The mean BMI was significantly lower in PD patients than in controls (22.0 +/- 3.4 kg/m(2) vs. 25.4 +/- 4.3 kg/m(2)), with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.072 (95% CI, 2.103-4.488; p < 0.001) for low BMI (<22 kg/m(2)) in PD. Compared to the high-BMI PD group (>22 kg/m(2)), the low-BMI PD group (<22 kg/m(2)) had more women; a longer disease duration; higher revised Movement Disorder Society Unified PD Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) II and IV scores; an increased levodopa equivalent dose (LED); and increased constipation, visual hallucination, dysphagia, dyskinesia and wearing off rates. There were no between-group differences in depression, anhedonia, apathy, sleep problems and daytime sleepiness. Multivariable analysis showed that visual hallucination (AOR, 2.408; 95% CI, 1.074-5.399; p = 0.033) and the MDS-UPDRS IV (AOR, 1.155; 95% CI, 1.058-1.260; p = 0.001) contributed to low BMI after controlling for clinical factors. In a second model, visual hallucination (AOR, 2.481; 95% CI, 1.104-5.576;p = 0.028) and dyskinesia (sum of the MDS-UPDRS 4.3-4.6) (AOR, 1.319; 95% CI, 1.043-1.668; p = 0.021) significantly contributed to low BMI. Conclusion: PD patients were 3 times more likely than healthy controls to have a low BMI. Motor complications, particularly dyskinesia, and visual hallucination were significantly associated with low BMI in PD patients.