Asparagine Decarboxylation by Lipid Oxidation Products in Model Systems

The decarboxylation of asparagine in the presence of alkanals, alkenals, and alkadienals, among other lipid derivatives, was studied in an attempt to understand the reaction pathways by which some lipid oxidation products are able to convert asparagine into acrylamide. Asparagine was converted into 3-aminopropionamide in the presence of lipid derivatives as a function of reaction conditions (pH, water content, time, and temperature), as well as the type and amount of lipid compound involved. Alkadienals (and analogous ketodienes) were the most reactive lipids followed by hydroperoxides and alkenals. Saturated carbonyls and polyunsaturated fatty acids, or other polyunsaturated derivatives, also exhibited some reactivity. On the other hand, saturated lipids or monounsaturated alcohols did not degrade asparagine. A mechanism for the decarboxylation of asparagine in the presence of alkadienals based on the deuteration results obtained when asparagine/2,4-decadienal model systems were heated in the presence of deuterated water was proposed. The activation energy (E-a) of asparagine decarboxylation by 2,4-decadienal was 81.0 kJ/mol, which is higher than that found for the conversion of 3-aminopropionamide into acrylamide in the presence of 2,4-decadienal. This result points to the decarboxylation step as the key step in the conversion of asparagine into acrylamide in the presence of alkadienals. Therefore, any inhibiting strategy for suppressing the formation of acrylamide by alkadienals should be mainly directed to the inhibition of this step.