A gamma-ray determination of the Universe's star formation history

被引：85

作者：

Abdollahi, S. ^{[1
]}

Ackermann, M. ^{[2
]}

Ajello, M. ^{[3
]}

Atwood, W. B. ^{[4
,5
]}

Baldini, L. ^{[6
,7
]}

Ballet, J. ^{[8
]}

Barbiellini, G. ^{[9
,10
]}

Bastieri, D. ^{[11
,12
]}

Gonzalez, J. Becerra ^{[13
,14
]}

Bellazzini, R. ^{[15
]}

Bissaldi, E. ^{[16
,17
,18
]}

Blandford, R. D. ^{[19
,20
]}

Bloom, E. D. ^{[19
,20
]}

Bonino, R. ^{[21
,22
]}

Bottacini, E. ^{[19
,20
,23
]}

Buson, S. ^{[13
]}

Bregeon, J. ^{[24
]}

Bruel, P. ^{[25
]}

Buehler, R. ^{[2
]}

Cameron, R. A. ^{[19
,20
]}

Caputo, R. ^{[13
,26
]}

Caraveo, P. A. ^{[27
]}

Cavazzuti, E. ^{[28
]}

Charles, E. ^{[19
,20
]}

Chen, S. ^{[11
,23
]}

Cheung, C. C. ^{[29
]}

Chiaro, G. ^{[27
]}

Ciprini, S. ^{[30
,31
]}

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ^{[24
]}

Cominsky, L. R. ^{[32
]}

Conrad, J. ^{[33
,34
]}

Costantin, D. ^{[12
]}

Cutini, S. ^{[30
,31
]}

D'Ammando, F. ^{[35
,36
]}

de Palma, F. ^{[18
,37
]}

Desai, A. ^{[3
]}

Digel, S. W. ^{[19
,20
]}

Di Lalla, N. ^{[6
,7
]}

Di Mauro, M. ^{[19
,20
]}

Di Venere, L. ^{[16
,17
,18
]}

Dominguez, A. ^{[38
]}

Favuzzi, C. ^{[16
,17
,18
]}

Fegan, S. J. ^{[25
]}

Finke, J. ^{[29
]}

Franckowiak, A. ^{[2
]}

Fukazawa, Y. ^{[1
]}

Funk, S. ^{[39
]}

Fusco, P. ^{[16
,17
,18
]}

Romero, G. Gallardo ^{[2
,40
]}

Gargano, F. ^{[18
]}

机构：

[1] Hiroshima Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan

[2] DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

[3] Clemson Univ, Kinard Lab Phys, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA

[4] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

[5] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

[6] Univ Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[7] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[8] Univ Paris Diderot, Serv Astrophys, Commissariat Energie Atom Saclay, CNRS,Inst Res Fundamental Laws Universe,Lab Astro, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France

[9] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy

[10] Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, I-34127 Trieste, Italy

[11] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[12] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis & Astron G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[13] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA

[14] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[15] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[16] Univ Bari, Dipartimento Fis M Merlin, I-70126 Bari, Italy

[17] Politecn Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy

[18] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy

[19] Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Labs Phys, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[20] Stanford Univ, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[21] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy

[22] Univ Torino, Dipartimento Fis, I-10125 Turin, Italy

[23] Univ Padua, Dept Phys & Astron, Vicolo Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padua, Italy

[24] Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inst Natl Phys Nucl Phys Particules, Lab Universe & Particules Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France

[25] Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Lab Leprince Ringuet, Inst Natl Phys Nucl Phys Particules, F-91128 Palaiseau, France

[26] CRESST, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[27] Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Milano, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Via E Bassini 15, I-20133 Milan, Italy

[28] Italian Space Agcy, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy

[29] Naval Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[30] Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Space Sci Data Ctr, Via Politecn Snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy

[31] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

[32] Sonoma State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA

[33] Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[34] AlbaNova, Oskar Klein Ctr Cosmoparticle Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[35] Ist Nazl Astrofis, Ist Radioastron, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

[36] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy

[37] Univ Telemat Pegaso, Piazza Trieste & Trento 48, I-80132 Naples, Italy

[38] Univ Complutense Madrid, Grp Altas Energias, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

[39] Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, Erwin Rommel Str 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany

[40] Circolo Astrofili Talmassons, I-33030 Campoformido, UD, Italy

[41] Univ Orleans, CNRS, Lab Phys & Chim Environnem & Espace, F-45071 Orleans 02, France

[42] CNRS, Observ Paris, Stn Radioastron Nancy, Inst Natl Sci Univers, F-18330 Nancy, France

[43] George Washington Univ, Dept Phys, 725 21st St NW, Washington, DC 20052 USA

[44] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Postfach 1317, D-85741 Garching, Germany

[45] Univ Iceland, Sci Inst, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland

[46] Royal Inst Technol, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskoln, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[47] Stockholm Univ, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[48] Royal Inst Technol, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Dept Phys, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[49] Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, Inst Natl Phys Nucl Phys Particules, Ctr Etud Nucl Bordeaux Gradignan, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan, France

[50] Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Astrophys Sci Ctr, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan

来源：

SCIENCE | 2018年 / 362卷 / 6418期

关键词：

EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT; SPECTRAL ENERGY-DISTRIBUTION; GALAXY LUMINOSITY FUNCTION; POPULATION-III STARS; ULTRA-DEEP FIELD; PAIR PRODUCTION; ULTRAVIOLET; EVOLUTION; STELLAR; ABSORPTION;

D O I：

10.1126/science.aat8123

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

The light emitted by all galaxies over the history of the Universe produces the extragalactic background light (EBL) at ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelengths. The EBL is a source of opacity for gamma rays via photon-photon interactions, leaving an imprint in the spectra of distant gamma-ray sources. We measured this attenuation using 739 active galaxies and one gamma-ray burst detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of the EBL and determine the star formation history of the Universe over 90% of cosmic time. Our star formation history is consistent with independent measurements from galaxy surveys, peaking at redshift z similar to 2. Upper limits of the EBL at the epoch of reionization suggest a turnover in the abundance of faint galaxies at z similar to 6.

引用

页码：1031 / +

页数：58

共 111 条

[11] A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by γ-rays from blazars [J].

Aharonian, F ;

Akhperjanian, AG ;

Bazer-Bachi, AR ;

Beilicke, M ;

Benbow, W ;

Berge, D ;

Bernlöhr, K ;

Boisson, C ;

Bolz, O ;

Borrel, V ;

Braun, I ;

Breitling, F ;

Brown, AM ;

Chadwick, PM ;

Chounet, LM ;

Cornils, R ;

Costamante, L ;

Degrange, B ;

Dickinson, HJ ;

Djannati-Ataï, A ;

Drury, LO ;

Dubus, G ;

Emmanoulopoulos, D ;

Espigat, P ;

Feinstein, F ;

Fontaine, G ;

Fuchs, Y ;

Funk, S ;

Gallant, YA ;

Giebels, B ;

Gillessen, S ;

Glicenstein, JF ;

Goret, P ;

Hadjichristidis, C ;

Hauser, D ;

Hauser, M ;

Heinzelmann, G ;

Henri, G ;

Hermann, G ;

Hinton, JA ;

Hofmann, W ;

Holleran, M ;

Horns, D ;

Jacholkowska, A ;

de Jager, OC ;

Khélifi, B ;

Klages, S ;

Komin, N ;

Konopelko, A ;

Latham, IJ .

NATURE, 2006, 440 (7087) :1018-1021

[12] Detection of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 with the MAGIC telescopes [J].

Ahnen, M. L. ;

Ansoldi, S. ;

Antonelli, L. A. ;

Antoranz, P. ;

Arcaro, C. ;

Babic, A. ;

Banerjee, B. ;

Bangale, P. ;

Barres de Almeida, U. ;

Barrio, J. A. ;

Becerra Gonzalez, J. ;

Bednarek, W. ;

Bernardini, E. ;

Berti, A. ;

Biasuzzi, B. ;

Biland, A. ;

Blanch, O. ;

Bonnefoy, S. ;

Bonnoli, G. ;

Borracci, F. ;

Bretz, T. ;

Buson, S. ;

Carosi, A. ;

Chatterjee, A. ;

Clavero, R. ;

Colin, P. ;

Colombo, E. ;

Contreras, J. L. ;

Cortina, J. ;

Covino, S. ;

Da Vela, P. ;

Dazzi, F. ;

De Angelis, A. ;

De Lotto, B. ;

de Ona Wilhelmi, E. ;

Di Pierro, F. ;

Doert, M. ;

Dominguez, A. ;

Prester, D. Dominis ;

Dorner, D. ;

Doro, M. ;

Einecke, S. ;

Glawion, D. Eisenacher ;

Elsaesser, D. ;

Engelkemeier, M. ;

Ramazani, V. Fallah ;

Fernandez-Barral, A. ;

Fidalgo, D. ;

Fonseca, M. V. ;

Font, L. .

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2016, 595

[13] VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAYS FROM THE UNIVERSE'S MIDDLE AGE: DETECTION OF THE z=0.940 BLAZAR PKS 1441+25 WITH MAGIC [J].

Ahnen, M. L. ;

Ansoldi, S. ;

Antonelli, L. A. ;

Antoranz, P. ;

Babic, A. ;

Banerjee, B. ;

Bangale, P. ;

De Almeida, U. Barres ;

Barrio, J. A. ;

Bednarek, W. ;

Bernardini, E. ;

Biasuzzi, B. ;

Biland, A. ;

Blanch, O. ;

Bonnefoy, S. ;

Bonnoli, G. ;

Borracci, F. ;

Bretz, T. ;

Carmona, E. ;

Carosi, A. ;

Chatterjee, A. ;

Clavero, R. ;

Colin, P. ;

Colombo, E. ;

Contreras, J. L. ;

Cortina, J. ;

Covino, S. ;

Da Vela, P. ;

Dazzi, F. ;

De Angelis, A. ;

De Lotto, B. ;

De Ona Wilhelmi, E. ;

Delgado Mendez, C. ;

Di Pierro, F. ;

Prester, D. Dominis ;

Dorner, D. ;

Doro, M. ;

Einecke, S. ;

Glawion, D. Eisenacher ;

Elsaesser, D. ;

Fernandez-Barral, A. ;

Fidalgo, D. ;

Fonseca, M. V. ;

Font, L. ;

Frantzen, K. ;

Fruck, C. ;

Galindo, D. ;

Garcia Lopez, R. J. ;

Garczarczyk, M. ;

Garrido Terrats, D. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2015, 815 (02)

[14] 3FHL: The Third Catalog of Hard Fermi-LAT Sources [J].

Ajello, M. ;

Atwood, W. B. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Bissaldi, E. ;

Blandford, R. D. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bonino, R. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Britto, R. J. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Buson, S. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Caputo, R. ;

Caragiulo, M. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Cavazzuti, E. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Cheung, C. C. ;

Chiaro, G. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Cohen, J. M. ;

Costantin, D. ;

Costanza, F. ;

Cuoco, A. ;

Cutini, S. ;

D'Ammando, F. ;

de Palma, F. ;

Desiante, R. ;

Digel, S. W. ;

Di Lalla, N. ;

Di Mauro, M. ;

Di Venere, L. ;

Dominguez, A. ;

Drell, P. S. ;

Dumora, D. ;

Favuzzi, C. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Ferrara, E. C. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Franckowiak, A. ;

Fukazawa, Y. ;

Funk, S. ;

Fusco, P. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2017, 232 (02)

[15] THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF FERMI-DETECTED FLAT-SPECTRUM RADIO QUASARS [J].

Ajello, M. ;

Shaw, M. S. ;

Romani, R. W. ;

Dermer, C. D. ;

Costamante, L. ;

King, O. G. ;

Max-Moerbeck, W. ;

Readhead, A. ;

Reimer, A. ;

Richards, J. L. ;

Stevenson, M. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2012, 751 (02)

[16] Very-high-energy gamma rays from a distant quasar:: How transparent is the universe? [J].

Albert, J. ;

Aliu, E. ;

Anderhub, H. ;

Antonelli, L. A. ;

Antoranz, P. ;

Backes, M. ;

Baixeras, C. ;

Barrio, J. A. ;

Bartko, H. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Becker, J. K. ;

Bednarek, W. ;

Berger, K. ;

Bernardini, E. ;

Bigongiari, C. ;

Biland, A. ;

Bock, R. K. ;

Bonnoli, G. ;

Bordas, P. ;

Bosch-Ramon, V. ;

Bretz, T. ;

Britvitch, I. ;

Camara, M. ;

Carmona, E. ;

Chilingarian, A. ;

Commichau, S. ;

Contreras, J. L. ;

Cortina, J. ;

Costado, M. T. ;

Covino, S. ;

Curtef, V. ;

Dazzi, F. ;

De Angelis, A. ;

De Cea del Pozo, E. ;

de los Reyes, R. ;

De Lotto, B. ;

De Maria, M. ;

De Sabata, F. ;

Delgado Mendez, C. ;

Dominguez, A. ;

Dorner, D. ;

Doro, M. ;

Errando, M. ;

Fagiolini, M. ;

Ferenc, D. ;

Fernandez, E. ;

Firpo, R. ;

Fonseca, M. V. ;

Font, L. ;

Galante, N. .

SCIENCE, 2008, 320 (5884) :1752-1754

[17] Modelling the cosmic spectral energy distribution and extragalactic background light over all time [J].

Andrews, S. K. ;

Driver, S. P. ;

Davies, L. J. M. ;

Lagos, C. d. P. ;

Robotham, A. S. G. .

MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 2018, 474 (01) :898-916

[18] Galaxy And Mass Assembly: the evolution of the cosmic spectral energy distribution from z=1 to z=0 [J].

Andrews, S. K. ;

Driver, S. P. ;

Davies, L. J. M. ;

Kafle, P. R. ;

Robotham, A. S. G. ;

Vinsen, K. ;

Wright, A. H. ;

Bland-Hawthorn, J. ;

Bourne, N. ;

Bremer, M. ;

da Cunha, E. ;

Drinkwater, M. ;

Holwerda, B. ;

Hopkins, A. M. ;

Kelvin, L. S. ;

Loveday, J. ;

Phillipps, S. ;

Wilkins, S. .

MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 2017, 470 (02) :1342-1359

[19] Fermi-LAT high-z active galactic nuclei and the extragalactic background light [J].

Armstrong, Thomas ;

Brown, Anthony M. ;

Chadwick, Paula M. .

MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 2017, 470 (04) :4089-4098

[20] THE SPITZER SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE DEEP FIELD: SURVEY DESIGN AND INFRARED ARRAY CAMERA CATALOGS [J].

Ashby, M. L. N. ;

Stanford, S. A. ;

Brodwin, M. ;

Gonzalez, A. H. ;

Martinez-Manso, J. ;

Bartlett, J. G. ;

Benson, B. A. ;

Bleem, L. E. ;

Crawford, T. M. ;

Dey, A. ;

Dressler, A. ;

Eisenhardt, P. R. M. ;

Galametz, A. ;

Jannuzi, B. T. ;

Marrone, D. P. ;

Mei, S. ;

Muzzin, A. ;

Pacaud, F. ;

Pierre, M. ;

Stern, D. ;

Vieira, J. D. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2013, 209 (02)

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 →