Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update on Pathologic, Clinical, and Molecular Features

被引:29
作者
El-Zaatari, Ziad M. [1 ]
Ro, Jae Y. [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Houston Methodist Hosp, Dept Pathol & Genom Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA
[2] Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, WCMC, New York, NY 10021 USA
关键词
mediastinum; molecular; isochromosome; 12p; immunohistochemistry; extragonadal germ cell tumor; YOLK-SAC TUMOR; SOMATIC-TYPE MALIGNANCY; EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA; CYSTIC TERATOMA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHROMOSOMAL-ABNORMALITIES; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES; PRIMARY CHORIOCARCINOMA; PROGNOSTIC VARIABLES; PANCREATIC TISSUE;
D O I
10.1097/PAP.0000000000000304
中图分类号
R36 [病理学];
学科分类号
100104 ;
摘要
Mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) are the most common extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) and most often arise in the anterior mediastinum with a male predilection. MGCTs also have a predilection for patients with Klinefelter syndrome and possibly other genetic conditions. MGCTs, as GCTs at other extragonadal sites, are thought to arise from germ cells improperly retained during migration along the midline during embryogenesis. Similar to their counterparts in the testes, MGCTs are classified into seminomatous and nonseminomatous GCTs. Seminomatous MGCT represents pure seminoma, whereas nonseminomatous MGCTs encompass pure yolk sac tumors, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, mature or immature teratoma, and mixed GCTs with any combination of GCT types, including seminoma. Somatic-type or hematologic malignancies can also occur in association with a primary MGCT. MGCTs share molecular findings with GCTs at other sites, most commonly the presence of chromosome 12p gains and isochromosome i(12p). Treatment includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection of residual tumor, with the exception of benign teratomas, which require only surgical resection without chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight and provide an update on pathologic, clinical, and molecular features of MGCTs. Immunohistochemical profiles of each tumor type, as well as differential diagnostic considerations, are discussed.
引用
收藏
页码:335 / 350
页数:16
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