Visible effects of space debris on the Shuttle program

This paper presents an overview of a dynamic space debris environment that poses a direct operational risk to the Space Shuttle orbiter and outlines the methods for managing this hazard. The following space debris controls are emphasized by the Space Shuttle Program (SSP): characterization of the current debris environment, definition of potential subsystem damage and acceptability criteria, and implementation of suitable operational and/or design changes to minimize the potential threat. The Shuttle program has formed a cooperative team of NASA and industry experts to perform accurate preflight environment definition, rigorous flight planning that weighs mission objectives against predicted risks, development of on-orbit operational work-grounds, and timely implementation of proposed design enhancements. This Shuttle program experience offers invaluable lessons learned and insight into the potential effects of space debris on any future reusable spacecraft.