Maternal weight in pregnancy and off spring body composition in late adulthood: Findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS)

Introduction. Maternal obesity has long-term consequences for the off spring's later health, including an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanisms explaining these associations are, however, not fully understood. Methods. A total of 2003 individuals from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born 1934-44, underwent measurements of body size, body composition, and clinical characteristics at a mean age of 62 years. Data on maternal anthropometry were available from hospital records. Results. Maternal BMI was positively associated with BMI in the off spring. Higher maternal BMI was associated with less favorable body composition in the off spring. There was a signifi cant interaction between birth weight and maternal BMI on off spring body fat percentage (P for interaction 0.003). In mothers with low BMI, a higher off spring birth weight was associated with lower fat percentage, while among those with maternal BMI in the highest fourth, higher off spring birth weight predicted higher body fat percentage. Discussion. Our findings suggest that a disadvantageous body composition is programmed in early life. This may in part underlie the association between maternal obesity and later cardio-metabolic health of the off spring. These findings support the importance of prevention of overweight in women of child-bearing age.