Risk stratification for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections in ICU patients

Purpose of review Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative microorganisms has alarmingly increased in the past 10 years worldwide. Infections caused by these microorganisms are difficult to treat, especially in critically ill patients. The present review examines how to accurately predict which patients carry a greater risk of colonization or infection on which to base the timely choice of an effective empirical antibiotic treatment regimen and avoid antibiotic overuse. Recent findings There are many risk factors for acquiring one of many multidrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms (MDR-GN); however, scores anticipating colonization, infection among those colonized, or mortality among those infected have a variable accuracy. Accuracy of scores anticipating colonization is low. Scores predicting infections among colonized patients are, in general, better, and ICU patients infected with MDR-GN have a worse prognosis than those infected by non-resistant microorganisms. Scores are, in general, better at excluding patients. Summary Despite these limitations, scores continue to gain popularity including those by Giannella, Tumbarello, Johnson, or the scores INCREMENT carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae score, Cano, Tartof, or CarbaSCORE.