A multi-echelon fish closed-loop supply chain network problem with carbon emission and traceability

This study aims to develop a mathematical model to investigate a sustainable and traceable fish closed-loop supply chain network problem. The model considers the carbon emissions of transport, production, and warehouse activities. This study examines the fish supply chain that is supplied by the sea farms, fishponds, warehouses, wholesalers, plants, distribution centers, fish recycling centers, livestock food markets and distribution to multi-customer as well as considers multiple periods. The model uses a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to minimize total cost, which is included the production and traceability costs, transport costs, inventory costs, and emission costs. A numerical example is illustrated to verify the proposed model and provide managerial insight to the relevant industry. The results show that the total cost of forward distribution and reverse distribution make 79.84% and 14.65% contributions to the total cost, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis shows a relationship between the total costs and emissions.