Quantitative rotating frame relaxometry methods in MRI

Macromolecular degeneration and biochemical changes in tissue can be quantified using rotating frame relaxometry in MRI. It has been shown in several studies that the rotating frame longitudinal relaxation rate constant (R-1 rho) and the rotating frame transverse relaxation rate constant (R-2 rho) are sensitive biomarkers of phenomena at the cellular level. In this comprehensive review, existing MRI methods for probing the biophysical mechanisms that affect the rotating frame relaxation rates of the tissue (i.e. R-1 rho and R-2 rho) are presented. Long acquisition times and high radio-frequency (RF) energy deposition into tissue during the process of spin-locking in rotating frame relaxometry are the major barriers to the establishment of these relaxation contrasts at high magnetic fields. Therefore, clinical applications of R-1 rho and R-2 rho MRI using on-or off-resonance RF excitation methods remain challenging. Accordingly, this review describes the theoretical and experimental approaches to the design of hard RF pulse cluster-and adiabatic RF pulse-based excitation schemes for accurate and precise measurements of R-1 rho and R-2 rho. The merits and drawbacks of different MRI acquisition strategies for quantitative relaxation rate measurement in the rotating frame regime are reviewed. In addition, this review summarizes current clinical applications of rotating frame MRI sequences. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.