Multipoint observations of equatorial plasma bubbles

This paper compares evening sector measurements by the Jicamarca unattended long-term studies of the ionosphere and atmosphere (JULIA) radar, the Ancon scintillation monitor, and plasma density sensors on Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. During more than half of the 110 nights of JULIA operations in 1998 and 1999, backscatter was observed from plumes extending above the layer of bottomside spread F. On 98% of the nights with no plumes, the S-4 index measured at Ancon was <0.8. On similar to 90% nights with plumes, S-4>0.8. DMSP F14 crossed the magnetic equator within 7.5 degrees longitude of Ancon near the 2100 local time (LT) meridian on 61 nights. During 32 overpasses, DMSP detected no equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), and JULIA detected no plumes. DMSP encountered EPBs on only 9 of the remaining 29 nights when JULIA observed plumes. Two plumes detected by JULIA on 15 April 1999 did not coincide with nearby EPBs crossed by the two satellites on the same evening. We also compared the seasonally averaged percent of nights with S-4 >= 0.8 at Ancon with the percent of orbits in which a DMSP satellite detected EPBs. Data were accumulated between May 1994 and the first quarter of 2001. On a global scale at solar minimum, DMSP encountered very few EPBs. In years near solar maximum the two data sets were well correlated. However, there were more nights with S-4 >= 0.8 at Ancon than EPB encounters by DMSP satellites. This discrepancy reflects the effects of different sampling intervals and the fact that about a third of the plumes fail to reach the DMSP altitude. Still, a correlation coefficient of 0.88 indicates that EPB detection at 840 km is a good indicator that scintillation activity is occurring near the spacecraft's longitude at the Earth's surface. The data also suggest that bubbles are often generated in bursts rather than at nearly uniform intervals.