Molecular basis for the origin of differential spectral and binding profiles of dansylamide with human carbonic anhydrase I and II

Sulfonamide derivatives serve as potent inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases (CAs), and a few such inhibitors have been currently used as drugs for the treatment of different pathogenic conditions in humans. In pursuit of designing the isozyme-specific inhibitors of human CAs, we observed that the fluorescence spectral properties and binding profiles of a fluorogenic sulfonamide derivative, 5-(dimethyl amino)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (dansylamide, DNSA), were markedly different between the recombinant forms of human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) and II (hCA II). The kinetic evaluation of the overall microscopic pathways for the binding of DNSA to hCA I versus hCA II revealed that the protein isomerization step served as a major determinant of the above discrepancy. Arguments are presented that the detailed structural-functional investigations of enzyme-ligand interactions may provide insights into designing the isozyme-specific inhibitors of CAs.