Energy demand and CO2 emissions from urban on-road transport in Delhi: current and future projections under various policy measures

This work presents an analysis of road transportation in Delhi region with focus on energy demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The study has considered five scenarios for the year 2021; one business as usual, and four future alternative scenarios, with. 2007 as the reference year. The alternative scenarios have been developed by considering the introduction of six policy interventions, namely; construction of integrated mass rapid transit system (IMRTS), fixed bus speed, hike in parking fees, fuel efficiency, stringent emission norms, and increase in the occupancy of private vehicles. An integrated Activity Structure-Energy Intensity-Fuel Mix (ASIF) framework has been used to model, energy demand and CO2 emissions. The outcome from the study shows that 2021-ALT-IV scenario gives the best-estimate results, which translated to similar to 32% reduction in annual energy demand than projected in 2021-BAU scenario. This reduces the daily per-capita energy requirement to 5.3 MJ in 2021-ALT-IV scenario, contributing to about 2.9 million tons of CO2 emissions. This scenario further reduces fossil fuel demand by similar to 48% compared to 2021-BAU scenario; however, Delhi Metro will require a huge amount of electrical energy by the year 2021 making it inevitable to adopt cleaner electricity generation options in the near future. Therefore, the current study shows that shift to public transport use would not will merely be sufficient to reduce energy demand, oil use and carbon emissions from passenger transport in urban areas of developing countries. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.