The atomic structure and x-ray pumping of neonlike Fe XVII have been calculated and modeled under free-electron laser excitation conditions using the Flexible Atomic Code. Specifically, pumping of the (2p(3/2)3s(1/2))(2,1), (2p(1/2)3s(1/2))(1), (2p(3/2)3d(5/2))(1), and (2p(1/2)3d(3/2))(1) levels that connect with the ground state (2s(2)2p(6))(0) by the so-called M2, 3G, 3F, 3D, and 3C transitions have been studied. In addition, the spectrum of sodiumlike Fe XVI has been modeled to account for possible line coincidences with the neonlike spectrum. The calculations include oscillator strengths, radiative lifetimes, autoionization rates, non-resonant photoionization cross sections, and line emissivities.