Food insecurity moderates the relationship between momentary affect and adherence in a dietary intervention study

Objective Negative affect and food insecurity have been proposed to impede adherence to weight loss interventions. Therefore, this study examined the role of these variables on dietary adherence using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Methods A total of 50 participants (19 male participants; age = 49 [SD 14] years) participated in an outpatient dietary study. Lean participants (n = 22; BMI <= 25 kg/m(2)) received a weight-maintaining energy needs (WMEN) diet, and participants with obesity (BMI >= 30) were randomized to receive either a WMEN diet (n = 14) or a 35% calorie-reduced diet (n = 14). Food insecurity was measured, and, twice daily, Ecological Momentary Assessment captured real-time affect ratings and adherence. Between-person (trait-level) and lagged within-person (state-level) scores were calculated. Results Greater food insecurity and trait-level negative affect were associated with reduced adherence (p = 0.0015, p = 0.0002, respectively), whereas higher trait-level positive affect was associated with greater adherence (p < 0.0001). Significant interactions between affect and food insecurity revealed an association between higher trait positive affect and increased adherence at lower levels of food insecurity. Higher trait negative affect was more strongly associated with decreased adherence in participants with greater levels of food insecurity (-1 SD: B = -0.21, p = 0.22; mean: B = -0.46, SE = 0.13, p = 0.0004; +1 SD: B = -0.71, SE = 0.17, p < 0.0001). Conclusions Trait-level affect may be crucial in predicting dietary adherence, especially in those with greater food insecurity.