Construction of Cyclobutanes by Multicomponent Cascade Reactions in Homogeneous Solution through Visible-Light Catalysis

[2+2] Photocycloaddition of two olefins is a general method to assemble the core scaffold, cyclobutane, found in numerous bioactive molecules. A new approach to synthesize cyclobutanes through multicomponent cascade reactions by merging aldol reaction and Witting reaction with visible-light-induced [2+2] cycloaddition is reported. An array of cyclobutanes with high selectivity has been achieved from commercially available aldehydes, ketones (or phosphorus ylide), and olefins with visible-light irradiation of a catalytic amount of (fac-tris(2-phenylpyridinato-C-2,N)iridium) ([Ir(ppy)(3)]) at room temperature. Control experiments and spectroscopic studies revealed that the triplet-triplet energy transfer from the excited [Ir(ppy)(3)]* to enones, generated in situ from aldehyde and ketone or aldehyde and phosphorus ylide, is responsible for these simple and efficient muticomponent transformations.