Engaging citizens: The high cost of citizen participation in high technology

This paper contributes to ongoing discussions on democratic engagement through an exploration of citizen participation in two citizen consensus conferences on nanotechnology, one held in 2005 and the second in 2008. We analyze the factors that motivate citizens to participate formally in debates about emerging "high technologies" and consider demographic and related characteristics of the participants in these two consensus conferences and the reasons they provided for participating. We suggest that in an era in which the barriers to civic engagement-most especially time-are large for many citizens, significant incentives are likely to affect participation. These incentives may be internal (e. g. a personal interest in a topic or an investment in a policy outcome) or external (e. g. money). In this context, we critique the aim of recruiting "blank slate" participants for consensus conferences and other deliberative democratic forums.